The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) has issued new guidance on diagnosing and relieving dysmenorrhea in adolescents, published in December issue of Journal Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Obstetrician and gynecologists frequently come across adolescents with dysmenorrhea in their practice due to high prevalence ranging between 50% to 90%. It is also responsible for recurrent short-term school absenteeism and reduced quality of life.
Most of the adolescents suffering from dysmenorrhea have primary dysmenorrhea–– painful menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology.
If the physician suspects it to be primary dysmenorrhea, no pelvic examination or ultrasound is indicated in the initial evaluation. The patient should be put on empirical therapy after a careful history and physical examination.
If the patient does not respond to empirical therapy with NSAIDs and hormonal treatment in 3-6 months, she should be investigated for secondary causes or irregular treatments.
The most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea is endometriosis, the other being obstructive anomaly of the reproductive tract (hymenal, vaginal, or Mullerian), uterine fibroids and polyps, adenomyosis, cervical stenosis, and adhesions.
Patients who do not respond to treatment for primary dysmenorrhea should be investigated for secondary causes which include pelvic examination and pelvic ultrasound. If pathology is detected, treatment of the cause is warranted.
If no pathology is seen, suspect endometriosis and consider a diagnostic laparoscopy. About 75% of adolescents and young adults with dysmenorrhea who do not respond to NSAIDs and hormonal therapy have endometriosis as the primary pathology.
Endometriotic lesions present a different appearance in adolescents as compared to a young woman and are typically transparent or red and are challenging to diagnose.
If a young woman is diagnosed with endometriosis, treatment consists of biopsy of the lesions along with destruction, ablation, or excision of the visible lesions at the time of initial laparoscopy. The patient should also be started on suppressive medical therapy to prevent further endometrial proliferation.
Consideration should be given to placing a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) at the of diagnostic laparoscopy to minimize the pain of insertion later.
NSAIDs are the principal medications used for pain relief in endometriosis, and there is no role of long-term opioids in the management of endometriosis, besides being used by a specialized pain management team.
